State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. 1990;28:6372. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. 125"128. Article Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. 1). Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. CAS By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Bookshelf Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. Tap here to review the details. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Promot Educ Suppl. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Google Scholar. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. This . 8600 Rockville Pike These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Foster GM. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Published 1 October 1921. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Medical and cultural considerations. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Made with by Sagar Aryal. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. 2003;9(6):649. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Medical anthropology. Foster M, Anderson B. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? 2006;20(2):12734. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Federal Ministry of Health. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. The practice of epidemiology. 1983;17(16):120511. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. Gender-based violence is a key factor . EMJ. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Privacy 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Prev Chronic Dis. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. First Statement of Germ Theory. Altern Ther Health Med. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. Accessibility Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Wilson. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. The .gov means its official. 2023 The Biology Notes. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Choosing among five traditions. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. I saw it happen as a child. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. An official website of the United States government. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Personalistic Causes Download Free PDF Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. PubMed Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Soc Sci Med. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. statement and volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. FOIA Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. endstream endobj startxref 0 The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. Correspondence to We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2005;60:691700. 12. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Or intervention of a supernatural being Health may be relatively unique to this setting. 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