These forms are designated by the letters A, E, I, and O, respectively, so that "Every man is mortal," for example, is an A-proposition. The first proposition has the truth value of "true" and the second "false". The proposition of your speech is the overall direction of the content and how that relates to the speech goal. You can evaluate arguments that you come across in your research by analyzing the connection (the warrant) between the claim and the evidence. What follows is an alphabetical list of potential topic areas, including subtopics where applicable. Policy Should Vs. Should not How do you prove it? For example, "The Earth is round" is a fact claim. You debate the topic that is agreed upon or stated in the proposition. Logicians and language experts completely understand the concept of propositions of fact. A persuasive speech will fall primarily into one of three categories: propositions of fact, value, or policy. Fish and Wildlife Service, not the Bureau of Land Management. (F), The United States should maintain biological archives of plant seeds and animal genomes. Some persuasive speech topics lend themselves to a topical organization pattern, which breaks the larger topic up into logical divisions. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. (V) (P), Judges at all levels should not be elected. (F), Restrictions on homosexuals donating blood should be lifted. First, raise awareness about this issue by talking to your own friends and family. (P), The nations of the world should agree to preserve plant and animal diversity. (F), Congress should regulate overmedication of underperforming or poorly behaving children to prevent subsequent drug abuse. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Next: 11.3 Persuasive Reasoning and Fallacies, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. For example, a speaker may make the following claim: There should be a national law against texting while driving. The speaker could then support the claim by providing the following evidence: Research from the US Department of Transportation has found that texting while driving creates a crash risk that is twenty-three times worse than driving while not distracted. The warrant is the underlying justification that connects the claim and the evidence. As you can see in the following example using the topic of global warming, the type of proposition changes the types of supporting materials you would need: Proposition of fact. (P), Nursing home care should be covered by Medicare. Some people around the world know that he is a philanthropist, spiritual and religious leader, and author. There are several ways to use causes and effects to structure a speech. (V) (P), Requiring vaccinations against common childhood diseases as a condition of school attendance is [is not] a reasonable public health measure. So you may employ all of the following strategies, in varying degrees, in your persuasive speech. Remember that concrete and proxemic supporting materials will help an audience find relevance in a topic. In other words, propositions of value aim at urging potential listeners why ideas, products, and services are of value. Choosing a speech topic that has implications for society is probably a better application of your public speaking skills than choosing to persuade the audience that Lebron James is the best basketball player in the world or that Superman is a better hero than Spiderman. Frequently verifiable, and often takes a more objective approach. You want to care about your topic, but you also want to be able to approach it in a way thats going to make people want to listen to you. The value proposition is one of the key factors of any successful marketing strategy and provides some of the best results for conversions. ,| : H 0 x " ? Persuasive speeches include the following propositions: fact, value, and policy. (F), Professional athletes should not be tested for steroids. (F), Poverty for older citizens has serious implications for life expectancy rates (F), Patients at the end stages of terminal illness should [should not] have the choice to end their lives. One main point addressing the problem and one main point addressing the solution may be sufficient, but you are not limited to two. (P), Older Americans benefit from integrated health care delivered by a team of experts. (F), The United States should use drones to provide disaster relief. (V) (P), Reality television is largely a waste of the public airwaves. Getting integrated: Give an example of persuasive messages that you might need to create in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, personal, and civic. A proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false but not both. (P), NASA should never again rely on a foreign country to launch U.S. astronauts into space. (P), The second amendment is the most important [least understood] amendment in the constitution (V), Medical marijuana should [should not] be accessible to patients who need it (e.g., to control pain, seizures). One warrant for the claim and evidence cited in this example is that the US Department of Transportation is an institution that funds research conducted by credible experts. I brought cards with the contact information for our state and national representatives for this area. : E F G M Harrison Ford is the greatest actor ever. (V) (P), You should not kill common household spiders. Logicians and language experts introduce the third category or type of a proposition. Proposes whether something is or is not, true or false. The proposition will need to identify the specific agent of action and the particular policy that you want enacted. (V) (P), Congressional term limits should [should not] be enacted. With the propositions of fact, logicians and language experts can admit or discard the falsity or reliability of the statements. If you are an education major, it might make more sense to do a persuasive speech about funding for public education than the death penalty. The first proposition has the truth value of "true" and the second "false". For example, try to persuade your audience that basketball is the ideal sport. (F), We should all walk barefoot to reduce stress. The definition of a proposition is a statement putting forth an idea, suggestion or plan. (F), Water in the Western United States should be rationed. The following are some examples of thesis statements that correspond to various organizational patterns. Every argument starts by putting together a claim and evidence, but arguments grow to include many interrelated units. (P) (V), The United States should implement policies to encourage home care for older Americans whenever possible. (V) (P), Congress should pass legislation banning the importation of exotic animals to be sold as pets. Frequently verifiable, and often takes a more objective approach. This kind of sentences are called propositions. He works tirelessly for crafting accord between the body, mind, and spirit. Giving the same speech would have been much more timely in the 1970s when there was a huge movement to increase seat-belt use. Proposition of Policy Should/should not Advocates a specific course of action. (P), All police officers should be required to wear video cameras. When facing a disagreeable audience, the goal should also be small change. Little green Martians exist on this planet. An example of a proposition is a suggestion for a change in the terms of company bylaws. (P), Voting should be granted starting at age 16 to all citizens for federal and/or state elections. (V) (P), Information gained thorough brain imaging an individual [should] should not be used by the authorities to predict the likelihood of future behavior. Others are simply true or false, like the correct composition of water. 2 Proposition of value. (P), Long-line fishing has a detrimental effect on many species of wildlife. Proposition of Policy Policy Claims. (V) (P), Everyone should [should not] be a vegetarian. proposition, types and difference between proposition and sentence. Although those topics may be very important to you, they dont carry the same social weight as many other topics you could choose to discuss. Safety, value, and freedom are three important parts of invitational rhetoric. (V), E-cigarettes (particularly flavored ones) pose a significant risk to children. (V) (P), Congress should require fracking companies to disclose the ingredients of the liquids they inject deep underground. For example, some vegetarians propose that eating meat is immoral because of the way that animals are slaughtered. You may not be able to switch someones position completely, but influencing him or her is still a success. Since most persuasive speech topics can be approached as propositions of fact, value, or policy, it is a good idea to start thinking about what kind of proposition you want to make, as it will influence how you go about your research and writing. Propositions of fact focus on beliefs and try to establish that something is or isnt. Propositions of value focus on persuading audience members that something is good or bad, right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable. Propositions of policy advocate that something should or shouldnt be done. Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases related to human activity. (V) (P), States should [should not] ban corporal punishment. (P), Congress should revise the standards for use of targeted drone strikes. Although you think life will be easier, things get worse as you experience abuse and mistreatment from the staff. You report the abuse to a nurse and wait, but nothing happens and the abuse continues. (P), Congress should vote on each executive branch nominee within 3 months of the nomination. For most people (read: people who aren't CPAs or accounting professionals), bookkeeping is a pain in the ass. (V), Popular mass media programming is detrimental to moral values. When audience members disagree with your proposition, you should focus on changing their minds. (V) (P), We should have parity between mental health and health insurance. Such a speech can seem merely informative, particularly to a speaker who firmly believes that one side of the issue is obviously correct. (P), The U.S. government should fund research on alternative cars. (F), Rambunctious U.S. children would benefit more from exercise than prescription medications. Do not assume that the reader "understands" or "gets" what you mean. You will also want to choose a topic that connects to your own interests and passions. In addition, write a thesis statement that refutes your topic idea and identify evidence and warrants that could support that counterargument. His Isha-foundation allows him to spread his [Read more], Home-based jobs are not only for moms and single moms. (F), Acting on climate change is [is not] more important than personal freedom. Cite evidence to support the fact that the issue needs to be addressed. At first, I feel the same sentiments of people who get fired with their jobs. As with any speech, topic selection is important and is influenced by many factors. When we are civil, we are capable of engaging with and appreciating different perspectives while still understanding our own. Ryan, K. J., and Elizabeth J. Natalle, Fusing Horizons: Standpoint Hermenutics and Invitational Rhetoric, Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31 (2001): 6990. Given that persuasive messages seek to directly influence the audience in some way, audience adaptation becomes even more important. Logicians and language experts completely understand the concept of propositions of fact. Call your audience to action by giving them concrete steps to follow to engage in a particular action or to change a thought or behavior. Its very important for us! (P), Research on geoengineering volcanoes: What could go wrong? (P), Congress should require that all presidential and congressional ballots are the same in all states. (V), The Supreme Court should be subject to the same judicial ethics provisions that apply to all other federal judges. (V), Leonard Peltier should be granted parole from prison. Identify strategies for choosing a persuasive speech topic. (V) (P), Providing laptops to children can [cannot] eliminate the need for teachers and schools in remote areas. They lose the courage to wait for long queues throughout the application process. For instance, logicians and language experts propose the statement: Buying this e-Book is advantageous for readers. A proposition is still a proposition whether its truth value is known to be true, known to be false, unknown, or a matter of opinion. Then do the same thing for persuasive messages you may receive. (P), Legislation against specific dog breeds should [should not] be passed. (V) (P), Saltwater fishing licenses should be required. (V) (P), Video games should have a provision that enables parents to specify lockout periods (times of day or after a designated period of time). Earlier, in Chapter 9 Preparing a Speech, we discussed recency and primacy, and in this chapter we discussed adapting a persuasive speech based on the audiences orientation toward the proposition. Converting to solar energy can save homeowners money. Identify an organizational pattern that you think will work well for your speech topic, draft one sentence for each of your main points, and arrange them according to the pattern you chose. This can be useful when you are building to a climax in your speech, specifically if you include a call to action. Indeed, knowing the forms and structures of propositions, as well as their intentions, helps speakers accomplish their goals and objectives. (F), Zoos should [should not] be banned. (V) (P), Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone when he shot President JFK. In our state, those in the medical, psychiatric, and social work field are required to report suspicion of child abuse but are not mandated to report suspicions of elder abuse. For example, a debate may address the following proposition of facet. As explained below, a proposition may function as a premise or a conclusion in a syllogism or enthymeme . When audience members disagree with the proposal, focus on establishing your credibility, build common ground with the audience, and incorporate counterarguments and refute them. Found My Animal is a company for rescue dogs and their owners. This topic about proposition helps speakers and thinkers determine whether the statements they are arguing are true or false. Fact Resolutions don't care about how much something is worth. (P), All 50 states should require helmet use for motorcycle riders. Attack on the person (ad hominem) Reduction to the absurd (reductio ad absurdum) Either/or false cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc) Appeal to authority (argumentum ad verecundiam) In this class, propositions will include empowered agencies (any group that has power to make policy), and needs to include the words should/should not. Competent speakers should consider their audience throughout the speech-making process. Draws on logical inferences. (P), Community college students should be required to complete their degrees before transferring. As mentioned, propositions of policy call people to act on something decisions and judgments. Identify strategies for adapting a persuasive speech based on an audiences orientation to the proposition. The city of Morgan Hill should adopt a recycling program. The arguments presented by the speakers can drive . (P), Congress should train private contractors who will work in war zones and should hold them to the same standards of conduct expected of members of the U.S. military. We keep on waiting for relief packages from the Philippine government. Rather than reducing the world to us against them, black or white, and right or wrong, invitational rhetoric encourages us to acknowledge human perspectives in all their complexity (Bone et al., 2008). The coordinate expressions for the contravariant tensor fields S and R S are S = 3 (V) (P), The United States should closely regulate cloning research. You can also assume that they have foundational background knowledge of the topic, which means you can take the time to inform them about lesser-known aspects of a topic or cause to further reinforce their agreement. Propositions of fact help us discover what "is not;" whereas propositions of value discover "good" and "bad." The proposition of fact that the cost of higher educa-tion is the major reason most people do not attend or drop out of college" measures "is/existence" or "is not/ (V), The Hippocratic Oath is dead in modern medicine. (P), All animals should be raised humanely and lead as normal a life as possible before slaughter. Your thesis statement is the overarching claim for your speech, but you will make other claims within the speech to support the larger thesis. (V), Overmedication of underperforming or poorly behaving children is related to subsequent violence. Mailchimp Mailchimp promises to solve one of the biggest pain points of business owners: to send better emails. (V), We should give driving tests to citizens over age 70 as a requirement to keep a license. In an argument or debate, a proposition is a statement that affirms or denies something. (F), There is no such thing as a hot streak (being in the groove). A fact claim is not a fact; it only claims to be a fact. (P), Bullying should [should not] be legislated. Offer a solution and persuade the audience that it is feasible and well thought out. Agricultural runoff that contains antibiotics is increasing. As we have already discussed in this book, our voices are powerful, as it is through communication that we participate and make change in society. 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