Smaller planets have less gravitational "pull" than large planets; impactors will strike at lower speeds. 16. : Impact cratering. Tswaing Crater. These are not visible to the unaided eye. 7) will result. The diameter of the each miniature craters is 5 10 mm. In an introductory level lab it is impossible for us to determine these two aspects of a mineral. Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera? Craters are roughly circular, excavated holes made by impact events. 9 0 obj Justify your answer? (b) Contour map derived from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the . Impact shock waves are characterized by an instantaneous onset of extreme pressures (up to the order of megabars) and extreme temperatures (up to 10,000 degrees or more) on release of the pressure. As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that haven't been discovered). 11. Although the resulting depression may bear some resemblance to the hole that results from throwing a pebble into a sandbox, the . Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Fig. 5. Earth continues to be a target and contrary to popular opinion, the Moon does not act as a meteoroid deflector (it is too small and too distant!). Which of the four geologic processes might be responsible for the formation of Ius Chasma? Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. What is the diameter of the large crater towards the bottom of the image? They are typically filled with impact rocks (impactites) in the form of impact melt rocks,suevitesand different kinds ofbreccias. 7. Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". 22. Justify your answer. The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. The moons surface is riddled with craters ranging in size and structural complexity, and billions of years ago before life emerged, the Earth looked the same way. Not commonly seen in most introductory lab samples.FractureBreakage of a mineral, not along planes of weakness in the crystral structure.Examine the mineral for areas where the mineral is broken. . Unlike the rock-into-mud cratering, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation of shock waves. When an impactor strikes the solid surface of a planet, a shock wave spreads out from the site of the impact. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. Determination of this information is not easily accomplished in this lab. Early in the formation of the solar system, frequent and large impacts were common for all of the planets and moons. by lava flows that obscured the older craters. 20. In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. 15 0 obj What happens if a comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid (like Mathilde asteroid, Fig. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl, a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (19061972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s.[1]. Mars has some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, a massive volcano many times larger than the Island of Hawaii. During the final modification phase, the remainder of ejecta partially refills and rings the crater site, and debris forms a rich mineral composite called breccia. Inclusion, Diversity, Equity & Accessibility (IDEA). Procedures and Questions: Part 3 Now we examine some Valleys west of Chryse Planitia. Like the other planets, Earth formed . In either case, the conditions of a hypervelocity impact and propagation of shock waves are crucial for the formation of these geologically extraordinary structures. Plagioclase is a member of the feldspar group, but there is more than one type of plagioclase. This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. All four geologic processes can act to shape a planetary landscape. This flow field grows with time, and the rock mass flow is directed upwards, sideward and downwards. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). . Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. The large circular dark areas in the image are impact basins, created as huge impactors struck the Moon. The rock is composed entirely of glass. How big, e.g. Fig. When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. Justify your answer. h_X CJ h_X 5B* CJ ph h \ This impact is thought to have triggered fires and tsunamis and created a cloud of dust and water vapor that enveloped the globe in a matter of days, resulting in fluctuating global climate changes. In this way, all rock particles behind the expanding shock front are captured by both the compressive shock and the tensile rarefaction, and both combine into a vector of acceleration. This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. Anthracite coal is similar to bituminous coal. Privacy Policy| But until NASA returns to the lunar landscape, researchers must rely on shockwave simulators, mathematical models and the well-worn geological formations on Earth to estimate how and when another impact event might occur. The first reason is that Earth's surface is continuously changing because we live on a geologically active planet. 19. In what direction did the water flow? Impact craters allow scientists to study a planet's geological historyeven when the records are buried beneath the surface. The ejecta blanket has lobes, which may indicate wet material was ejected, suggesting that subsurface water or melted ice was mixed into the debris. 4. Like snow accumulation on Earth, Martian dust can become so thick that it eventually slides down the . The cratering process will help reveal what type of material makes up the nucleus (or at least the outer layer), and therefore how the comet formed and evolved. Transcript (121 KB) Overview : Impact cratering is, arguably, the most important and fundamental geological process in the Solar System. The circular shape is due to material flying out in all directions as a result of the explosion upon impact, not a result of the impactor having a circular shape (almost no impactors are spherical). Coquina and limestone are both composed of calcite. ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. The size and shape of the crater and the amount of material excavated depends on factors such as the velocity and mass of the impacting body and the geology of the surface. 17. Volcanism has produced vast lava flows, broad shield volcanoes, and plains of volcanic material. Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. 6. 12. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? Tenoumer Crater. Image credit: NASA. Tychos diameter is 85 km. The crater is about 1.2 kilometers (a little more than 0.5 miles) across and 200 meters (650 feet) deep. First, the impactor rushes toward the surface. If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the comet's nucleus consists of porous, pristine, unprocessed material, and that the comet formed . The more mass it has the bigger the impact. Smaller valleys join the main east-west chasm. 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These crater chains are formed when a comet, normally torn apart by tides, has many of its fragments collide into the planet or moon at nearly the same time. <> And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. Fortunately determination of the exact chemical composition is not necessary. The greater the mass of the impactor, the greater the size of crater. Gosses Bluff (Tnorala) Pingualuit Crater. This will result in the formation of central uplifts and ring systems, and we may now refer to these as central-uplift or central-peak craters, peak-ring craters or multi-ring craters establishing the group of so-called complex impact craters or complex impact structures (Fig. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p. Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). (a) Geomorphic map of Reuyl crater. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter . Pegmatitic texture is composed of very large crystals (larger than 2-3 cm). Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. These stages are: the contact and compression stage (Fig. The impact velocity was 1250 m/s, and the target (flour) sound /seismic velocity is estimated to have been about 100 m/s. | Fig. The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. 1). b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. These act together to break apart and wear down the ground. Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. Explain how you can tell. A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K Do you think the surface of Olympus Mons is geologically old or young, compared to the surface of the Moon? When an asteroidal or cometary object strikes a planetary surface, it is traveling typically at several tens of kilometres per secondmany times the speed of sound.A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Download Planetary_Geology PDF for free. > h] bjbj!! 16. -yM. Impactors can be practically any size; the (kinetic) energy brought to Earth by impact may exceed that equivalent to thousands of hydrogen bombs detonating at once. More about the doublet crater. The composition of clastic sedimentary rocks is divided into three types - clay/silt, sand and gravel. Dual crater at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria (Germany) that very probably formed in the large Holocene Chiemgau impact event. Topography from echo sounder measurements. January 2014; As this occurred, Earth became differentiated into layers, with the outermost layer being a solid covering of relatively lighter material while the . Fig. (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S x> PY4/'!~OFZUT=ayZBxY`=j 0 "(_Cye@2UGDkA;$V+ "+.m Aphanitic texture is a fine grained texture but the crystals are too small to see. Sand is clasts between 1/16 and 2 mm in size, and gravel is greater than 2 mm. 19.) Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. 6). Before focusing on this important question, we have first to clarify the meaning of the term meteorite impact crater or impact structure. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do you find the thickest ejecta?, How do you think the crater rim formed?, Where would you find most of the younger material? HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_4.jpg"Figure 4. Intermediate compositions have an intermediate color, often gray or consisting of equal parts of dark and light mineral. Different crystalline structures, or how the atoms and molecules are arranged, result in different minerals. Apart from the distinct role rarefactions waves play in the formation of the excavation flow field, they are especially relevant geologically. Shock waves behave like other waves: they can interfere and they may be reflected and refracted. Meteor Crater is 1.2km wide and 175m deep. For instance, the famous Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, is thought to be the site of the meteor impact that instigated the K-T event, which wiped out the dinosaurs in a mass extinction that affected much of life on Earth. Aeolian (wind) activity is also a continuing process of erosion. The first is called erosion. Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. Sometimes the force of the impact is great enough to melt some of the local rock. Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. ( ) + 2 3 i r M N g h p q r s t What are the different kinds of craters? 18. The darker material is quartz sand, combined with a small amount of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains. These are impact craters, each of which was formed when an asteroid or comet collided with the Moon's surface. Scientists also think that faster cooling, like when lava is exposed to water, may also help with the formation of these columns. Here is a look at the violent, battered past of the . 10 12 exemplify typical terrestrial structures. 2. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. in Reuyl crater located along the dichotomy boundary (west of Apollinaris Mons ). Even the crater-covered moon might be a chip off old Earths block, an enormous shard shot into orbit following a giant impact event. A stone-into-mud crater demonstrates the difference between it and a hypervelocity crater (Fig. This portion of the Moon is covered by numerous circular holes. 3. The insets in the black boxes show close-ups of some of the structures that lava can form: (left) branched channels, (middle) a snaking channel and (right) rootless vents; the rootless vents are also marked by yellow spots on the main image. endobj 18. And the trump card, plate tectonics, that recycles much of the planets crust over millions of years and smooths away blemishes left by cosmic impacts. Once these two characteristics have been identified, the Igneous Rock Identification chart can be used to help identify the rock name. The largest impact basin on the Moon is 2500 kilometers (1550 miles) in diameter and more than 12 kilometers (7 miles) deep. In the following, these three stages are illustrated and described in a somewhat simplified manner. Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. Mercury and the Moon are covered with impact craters; their surfaces are very old. Fig. The term transient crater means the cratering process continues after the excavation flow comes to rest. Beware that even though an igneous rock may have a felsic composition (light color), the rock can contain dark colored minerals. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. Moreover, the polar caps contain some water ice. Justify your answer. Although craters look like imprints of a giant fist smashing the ground inward, impact shock waves have the opposite effect, which planetary scientists divide into three phases. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_1.jpg"Figure 1. 9). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> endobj 4. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . <> Over the course of a few hundred million years, the planet began to cool and oceans of liquid water formed. Fig. In the case of small transient craters, modifications are moderate. Non-foliated textures are identified by their lack of planar character. Approximately 80% of Earth's surface is less than 200 million years old, while over 99% of the Moon's surface is more than 3 billion years old. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. The Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, is not visible at the surface of the seafloor. The classification of metamorphic rocks is based on the minerals that are present and the temperature and pressure at which these minerals form. These conditions only occur with larger projectiles (a few hundred tons and more) that are not significantly slowed down by friction in the atmosphere that impact the ground at cosmic velocities (10 70 km/s). Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. JI,ZbXr}n9=^,eIgtU_=F#-K}_^(qyk1bZe|}elK)&Hc:GVtOd~Y@0IA$2i hvF~/_?g@-)(|#)s5.eK%x]G4;kY|^B8I(JY4+Tl7l1Q)>.ux92BfiYnWy%:./#5*j?hv`SEzY8D7\I&RdEO)I[G*ZGy7HjkvKXE@tiYrG:f3' uoiTK"EF]d[59qqgrP~ "UJ|gmPBO(+aS7Gj{k}xeET]A EIx-X]28dy,}Isx.cepq 7rbr:^v4>iHJgEqA&`DA.FYle1}7#W;G-+h Justify your answer. Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_2.jpg"Figure 2. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. Wind-produced features, called bright windstreaks, are associated with many craters. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_3.jpg"Figure 3. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is over, the volcano collapses in on its empty vacant magma chamber and forms a caldera, or volcanic crater. -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L These fragments or clasts can be very fine (ash) or coarse (lapilli) or very coarse (bombs and blocks). The transition from simple to complex craters occurs at about 1.5 to 4 km (depending on the target rocks) final diameter for terrestrial craters and is much larger (c. 15 km) for craters on the Moon. Martian shield volcano, Olympus Mons. The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. Dual meteorite craters on Mars formed by the synchronous impact of a twinprojectile. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? 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